The rise of anti-Americanism among Muslims has been the subject of debate and analysis since the terrorist attacks on Sept. 11. Expressions of anti-Americanism have included violence, threats to harm Americans abroad, boycotting of American products, and anti-American rhetoric. While anti-American sentiment is nothing new, it is occurring at a time when the U.S. is heavily dependent on the support of Muslim populations to ensure the success of its nation-building initiatives in Iraq and Afghanistan, peace-brokering commitments in the Middle East, and its campaign to combat terrorism worldwide. Negative Muslim attitudes toward the U.S. also illustrate U.S. shortcomings in considering how Muslim opinion contributes to the success (or failure) of U.S. foreign policy.